With its origins tracing back to the 12th century, Château de Fontainebleau has witnessed the reigns of numerous French monarchs and served as a stage for momentous events. From King Louis VII to Napoleon Bonaparte, the walls of this grand estate have absorbed centuries of regal power. Today, the palace is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage site and bares exquisite architecture, stunning gardens, and a priceless art collection.

Read on to learn more about the history of Château de Fontainebleau, its journey through centuries of the French monarchy, and all that has shaped it into the landmark it is today.

Château de Fontainebleau Timeline

1137: Fontainebleau's first castle is constructed by Louis VI of France.

1219: The castle undergoes expansion during the reign of Louis VIII of France.

1305: Fontainebleau becomes a favored residence for popes after Pope Clement V moves his papacy to Avignon.

1495: Charles VIII of France initiates a significant renovation of the castle.

1515: Francis I of France continues the castle's renovation and establishes it as his primary residence.

1528: The breathtaking Galerie François I, a renowned masterpiece of the French Renaissance, is commissioned by Francis I.

1547: Henry II of France ascends the throne and carries on with the castle's renovation.

1559: Tragedy strikes as Henry II loses his life in a jousting accident at the castle.

1570: Catherine de' Medici becomes regent for her son, Charles IX of France, and continues enhancing the castle.

1589: Henry IV of France becomes king and continues the castle's renovation.

1610: Henry IV is assassinated, leading to Marie de' Medici becoming regent for her son, Louis XIII of France.

1632: Louis XIII takes the throne and continues the castle's renovation.

1643: Louis XIV ascends the throne and relocates the royal court to Versailles.

1688: Louis XIV returns Fontainebleau to its status as the primary residence.

1715: Louis XIV passes away, and Louis XV of France succeeds him.

1774: Louis XV's reign concludes, and his grandson, Louis XVI of France, assumes the throne.

1789: The French Revolution commences, compelling the royal family to flee Fontainebleau.

1793: The castle is declared a national property.

1804: Napoleon Bonaparte is crowned Emperor of France at Fontainebleau.

1814: Napoleon Bonaparte abdicates at Fontainebleau and is exiled to Elba.

1815: Napoleon Bonaparte returns to France but faces defeat at the Battle of Waterloo.

1815: Napoleon Bonaparte is subsequently exiled to Saint Helena.

1817: Restoration efforts are undertaken, and the castle reopens to the public.

1852: Napoleon III is crowned Emperor of France at Fontainebleau.

1870: Napoleon III's defeat in the Franco-Prussian War leads to his exile in England.

1871: The castle is occupied by the German army but later returned to France.

1873: Fontainebleau Castle is returned to France's possession.

1914: World War I commences, and the castle serves as a hospital.

1918: The restoration of the castle takes place following the conclusion of World War I.

1939: World War II breaks out, and the castle is utilized as a military barracks.

1944: World War II concludes, and the castle undergoes restoration.

1952: The castle reopens its doors to the public.

1981: Fontainebleau Castle is honored as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Present Day: The castle continues to attract countless tourists and remains an active venue for state functions.

History of Château de Fontainebleau Explained

Foundation and Early Years

1137 - 1219

The story of Château de Fontainebleau begins in 1137 when Louis VI of France built the first castle on this site. Subsequent expansions during the reign of Louis VIII transformed it into a formidable fortress. In the following centuries, Fontainebleau became a haven for the popes, a favored residence for kings and queens, and witnessed significant renovations under Charles VIII and Francis I. The castle's rich history reflects the evolution of French royalty, leaving an indelible mark on the city of Fontainebleau and shaping the course of French history.

Renaissance Splendor

1515 - 1610

During the Renaissance, Château de Fontainebleau flourished under the reigns of Francis I, Henry II, Catherine de Medici, Henry IV, and Louis XIII. It was Francis I who commissioned the magnificent Galerie François I, showcasing the artistic brilliance of the French Renaissance. These centuries marked a golden era for Fontainebleau as the castle served as a grand backdrop for political intrigue, lavish court life, and profound artistic patronage.

Imperial Residence

1804 - 1815

Fontainebleau became closely intertwined with the Napoleonic era, as Napoleon Bonaparte chose this regal setting for significant events in his life. In 1804, he has crowned Emperor of France, symbolizing his ascent to power. However, the turn of events led to Napoleon's abdication at Fontainebleau in 1814 and his subsequent exile to Elba. The castle witnessed his brief return and final defeat at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815.

Modern Era and UNESCO Recognition

1871 - 1981

Following turbulent years marked by occupation and war, Fontainebleau Castle emerged as a symbol of resilience and cultural heritage. Occupied by the German army in 1871, it was eventually returned to France's possession, undergoing restoration and reopening to the public in 1873. The castle's historical significance was further acknowledged in 1981 when it was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Restoration project and Marie Antoinette exhibition

2009, 2019- Present Day

In 2009, a comprehensive restoration project was initiated to preserve the Palace of Fontainebleau's exquisite beauty for future generations. The project involved the restoration of many of the Palace's artworks, sculptures, and frescoes, as well as the development of innovative tools to help preserve and protect the Palace's treasures. In 2019, an exhibition dedicated to Marie Antoinette's life was held at the Palace, featuring a wide range of personal belongings and artifacts. The exhibition focused on the queen's life and contributions to French culture and heritage, cementing her legacy in the Palace's history. Today, the palace remains open to visitors and is one of the top attractions in France.

Construction of Château de Fontainebleau

The Château de Fontainebleau was constructed in the early 16th century by renowned architects Gilles le Breton, Sebastiano Serlio, and Philibert de l'Orme.
The castle's design embraced a fusion of Italian and French architectural styles, incorporating grand arcades, sculptural details, and harmonious proportions.
Skilled craftsmen and artisans collaborated to create breathtaking features like the Galerie François I, known for its delicate stonework and stunning ceiling frescoes.
The construction of Château de Fontainebleau showcased the creative vision of architects, the dedication of craftsmen, and the patronage of monarchs, each stone a testament to their power and ambition.

Château de Fontainebleau Today

With its opulent halls and meticulously manicured gardens, Château de Fontainebleau continues to enchant visitors worldwide. From Napoleon Bonaparte's abdication to Marie Antoinette's exile, its walls echo tales of power and intrigue. With beauty and historical significance, Château de Fontainebleau is a must-visit destination for history enthusiasts and culture aficionados. Discover the grandeur of bygone eras and be swept away by the enchanting ambiance of this remarkable landmark and its attractions including the Grand Apartments and Museum of Napoleon I, nestled amidst the captivating landscapes of France.

Explore the Château de Fontainebleau

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Frequently Asked Questions About the History of Château de Fontainebleau

Q. When was Château de Fontainebleau built?

A. Château de Fontainebleau was built in the 12th century, with subsequent expansions and renovations over the centuries.

Q. Who built Château de Fontainebleau?

A. The initial construction of Château de Fontainebleau was commissioned by Louis VII of France, with contributions from various rulers over time.

Q. Why was Château de Fontainebleau constructed?

A. Château de Fontainebleau was founded as a hunting lodge and later developed into a royal residence, serving as a retreat for French monarchs and an expression of their power.

Q. Who designed Château de Fontainebleau?

A. The design of Château de Fontainebleau involved contributions from multiple architects, including Gilles le Breton, Philibert de l'Orme, and André Le Nôtre.

Q. What was Château de Fontainebleau originally used for?

A. Originally, Château de Fontainebleau was used as a hunting lodge and a place for recreational activities for the French monarchy.

Q. What is the significance of Château de Fontainebleau?

A. Château de Fontainebleau holds immense historical and cultural significance, serving as a witness to pivotal events and housing notable figures throughout French history, including Napoleon Bonaparte.

Q. How many years did it take to construct Château de Fontainebleau?

A. The construction and expansion of Château de Fontainebleau took several centuries, with ongoing modifications and additions from the 12th to the 19th century.

Q. What is the architectural style of Château de Fontainebleau?

A. Château de Fontainebleau showcases a blend of architectural styles, including Gothic, Renaissance, and Classical elements, reflecting the evolving tastes and preferences of different periods.

Q. How old is Château de Fontainebleau?

A. Château de Fontainebleau has a history spanning over eight centuries, with its initial construction dating back to the 12th century.

Q. What is the Château de Fontainebleau used for today?

A. Today, Château de Fontainebleau serves as a popular tourist destination, offering visitors a glimpse into its rich history through guided tours and hosting various cultural events.

Q. Why is Château de Fontainebleau important?

A. Château de Fontainebleau holds immense historical and artistic importance, symbolizing the power of French monarchs and showcasing the evolution of architectural styles over the centuries.

Q. Can I visit Château de Fontainebleau?

A. Absolutely! Château de Fontainebleau welcomes visitors from around the world, offering an opportunity to explore its splendid interiors, and gardens, and learn about its fascinating history.

Q. Can I go inside Château de Fontainebleau?

A. Yes, visitors are allowed to explore the interiors of Château de Fontainebleau, immersing themselves in the grandeur and ambiance of the royal residence.

Q. Do I need tickets to enter Château de Fontainebleau?

A. Yes, tickets are required for entry into Château de Fontainebleau. They can be purchased online for a seamless experience and the best discounts.

Q. When did Château de Fontainebleau open to the public?

A. Château de Fontainebleau opened its doors to the public in 1817, following periods of royal residence and historical events.

Q. What is inside Château de Fontainebleau?

A. The Château de Fontainebleau houses captivating attractions, including the Gallery of Francis I, the grand ballroom, Napoleon's Imperial Apartments, the throne room, the Chinese Museum, Renaissance Gardens, and the grand staircase. These features showcase Renaissance art, opulent living quarters, Chinese artifacts, and breathtaking architecture.